MOTIVATION .
Meaning and Definition of Motivation
The word ' motivation has originated from the term ' motive ' which relates to wants , needs , impulses and drives within a person . Motivation refers to the process of inspiring people for doing tasks and achieving goals and desires . Motivation is a psychological occurrence that originates from the wants and needs of people . It initiates a goal - oriented behaviour . It is the force that drives individuals into action . This force is the outcome of a state of tension which has arisen due to unfulfilled needs . Individuals make every effort to eliminate this stress through such behaviours which will help them in fulfilling their needs and thereby , make them stress free .
According to Dalton E. McFarland , " Motivation refers to the way in which urges , drives , desires , aspirations strivings or needs direct , control or explain the behaviour of human beings " .
According to S.P. Robbins , " Motivation is the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organisational goals , conditioned by the effort and ability to satisfy some individual need " .
According to Likert , " Motivation is the core of management which shows that every human being gives him a sense of worth in face - to - face groups which are most important to him . A supervisor should strive to tre individuals with dignity and recognition of their personal worth " .
Process of Motivation
The process of motivation involves various steps as shown in below
1) : Motive : The process of motivation starts as soon as the individual finds a motive behind performing any action . Motives stimulate behaviour and hence , provide a reason behind that behaviour . To a large extent , motives are personal and explain the thought process of an individual . They keep on surfacing and provide the direction to the individual .
2) Behaviour : All the activities that an individual performs , when he is motivated towards achieving personal and organisational goals , collectively constitute his behaviour . The motives of an individual exhibit his goals . At times , these motives generate a situation of inequality as the physiological and the psychological conditions of the individual may become imbalanced . Hence , the behaviour which directs the individual towards goal attainment strives for attaining the balance between the two .
3 ) Goal : Goal of an individual is inspired by numerous factors such as the customs and morals , his inherited potentials , personal learning and experiences and his social and physical surroundings .
4) Tension Reduction : In an organisation , employees tend to grow motivational urges due to the cultural environment of the organisation and the obligation to achieve their goals . These urges also affect the perception of employees about their job as well as their personal and professional life .
Types of Motivation
Different types of motivation are as follows :
1 ) Positive Motivation versus Negative Motivation
i ) Positive Motivation : This type of motivation develops a positive and cheerful climate in the organisation . Positive motivation helps in recognising the employee's capabilities and aids in fulfilling those capabilities . When an organisation provides rewards and recognition as well as means to achieve employee feels positively motivated . Rewards can be monetary or non - monetary . them .
ii ) Negative Motivation : The needed goals can also be achieved by developing fear in the people . People are afraid of the consequences of doing or not doing a particular thing and hence , at times follow the right path . Negative motivation has many drawbacks as well . Fear leads to annoyance , aggressive mind set and the person loses interest in his job . As a result , competence and output suffers . Hence , this method must be used as least as possible .
2 ) Rational Motivation versus Emotional Motivation
i)Rational Motivation : Rational individual is one who analyse the benefits and drawbacks of all the available options , before selecting the best possible one . In relation to marketing , customers who choose their product by keeping in mind various available options like weight , price , size , etc. , are called rational customers .
ii ) Emotional Motivation : Emotional motives are those goals which are chosen by considering the individual's emotions only . This means that personal criteria like fear , pride , status , love , esteem , etc. influence goal selection .
3 ) Primary Motivation versus Secondary Motivation
i ) Primary Motivation : Also called biological motivation , the primary motivation has a proper physiological existence . Biologically , this motivation is essential for the existence of human beings . The resulting behaviour helps in changing the internal environment . Increase or decrease in stimulation , reduced hunger , discomfort and thirst and stimulated senses ( touch , taste , smell , etc. ) are the basis of primary motivational needs .
ii ) Secondary Motivation : Also called psycho - sociological motivation , secondary motivation is learnt with the passage of time . These motives have no physical ( physiological ) basis , but help in personality development . Secondary motives develop during the lifecycle of an individual . They can be divided into social motives and psychological motives . Social motives inspire a person to step out and meet people and involve in activities that instils a feeling of fun and contentment . Psychological motives are personalised and differ from person to person . They include self - esteem , self - exhibition , self - security , self - assertion , etc.
4 ) Intrinsic Motivation versus Extrinsic Motivation
i ) Intrinsic Motivation : This kind of motivation is internally generated and does not need any outside factor like financial rewards or grades . An employee might stick to his job as he might be getting a sense of contentment , self - regulation and desire to attain expertise , as he could feel that working is fun , having a job is a subject of pride , or everyday work is interesting , etc. Such an employee is inherently motivated to work . Hence , behaviours that are not a result of any external reward but are the product of the activity itself , are called intrinsic motivators . For example , the need to fulfilment that comes with good performance , exciting , pleasurable and demanding tasks , the yearning to be a part of a social group , sense of accountability , self - respect , accomplishment , innovativeness and leaving a special mark through performance .
ii ) Extrinsic Motivation : The motivation resulting from outside factors is called extrinsic motivation . Factors like rewards and recognition are the most common extrinsic factors . These factors provide more contentment than the task itself . These factors motivate the individual towards the desired outcome . Leaders or managers are capable of instilling this kind of motivation through their behaviours . Good leadership is not the only reason behind motivation . People might also be intimidated or terrorised by the managers and they might improve their performance to avoid horrible consequences . This kind of motivation is termed as negative reinforcement . People can also get motivated by external recognition . monetary rewards and benefits . People who are extrinsically motivated feel a sense of obligation to perform , in order to meet their lower order needs like money . Extrinsic motivation takes place when an individual is awarded with an incentive , which is not a part of the normal remuneration .
5 ) Financial versus Non - Financial Motivation / Incentives :
Incentive is the stimulus that directs action into desired direction . Hence , incentive can be considered as criteria of motivation . Incentive has the power to direct the efforts of employees in right direction so that predetermined gls can be achieved . Modern organisational setting has numerous kinds of incentives that motivate the employees for better performance . Following are the two such kinds of incentives :
i ) Financial Motivation : It is monetary in nature as it can be measured in terms of money like salary . wages , allowances , fringe benefits , bonuses , etc.
ii ) Non - Financial Motivation : It is non - monetary in nature as it cannot be measured in terms of money like job enrichment , praise , growth opportunities , participative management , etc.
